Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protein by Mycoplasma pneumoniae / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an extracellular pathogen that attaches to and destroys the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a critical angiogenic factor that manages the formation and function of vascular networks. Thus, we examined whether M. pneumoniae lysate (MPL) induces VEGF and MPL-induced VEGF expression is regulated by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in airway epithelial cells. METHODS: Cells were treated with MPL in dose and time dependent manners or pretreated with chemical inhibitors of MAPK signaling molecules before the addition of MPL. The supernatants were measured by a specific human VEGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RNAs were extracted and synthesized into cDNAs for VEGF gene expression by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: MPL considerably increased VEGF mRNA 2 hours after treatment, which was gradually reduced thereafter. On the other hand, VEGF protein was continuously amplified for 12 hours after both 5 and 10 microg/mL MPL treatment. Pretreatment with U0126 (a specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor) and SB202190 (a specific p38 inhibitor) abolished MPL-stimulated VEGF protein close to basal level (-85%), whereas JNK inhibitor II (a specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor) partially decreased VEGF protein (57%). CONCLUSION: We concluded that MPL induces VEGF expression through the activation of MAPK signaling molecules (ERK, p38 and JNK) in airway epithelial cells.

Effect of Mycoplasma pneumoniae on IL-8 Gene Expression in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of lower respiratory disease. Several studies have suggested that M. pneumoniae respiratory infection is associated with reactive airway disease and asthma. It has been suggested that Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has a role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation of bronchial asthma and is well known to be expressed in bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS: In this study, we examined the effect of M. pneumoniae extract and the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) on IL-8 expression in human lung epithelial cells. IL-8 levels were determined by an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting. RESULTS: In A549 cells, M. pneumoniae extract induced IL-8 release in a time- or dose- dependent manner. Pretreatment with PD98059, which blocks the activation of MAPK/ERK kinase 1, before M. pneumoniae extract stimulation inhibited the increase in the production of IL-8 by 64.4% at 25 M. Stimulation of A549 cells by extract caused an increase in the activity of ERK, compared with the non-stimulated cells. The extract stimulation had no effect on the activities of p38. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that activation of ERK by M. pneumoniae extract may be one of the mechanisms that result in the increase of the production of IL-8.

Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of the M. pneumoniae Isolates

The throat swabs obtained from 1,098 adults and 432 children patients with respiratory diseases were examined for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of the resulting 60 M. pneumoniae isolates were evaluated by testing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of erythromycin, minocycline, tetracycline, josamycin, sparfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin by a broth micro-dilution method. In a preliminary screening, the detection rate of M. pneumoniae by PCR was 29.2% (277/948) for the adults and 28.3% (90/318) for the children. In the second survey, the isolation rate of M. pneumoniae by culture was 29.3% (44/150) for the adults, and 14.0% (16/114) for the children. The PCR detection rate was 36.7% (55/150) for the adults and 23.7% (27/114) for the children. The MIC90s of the M. pneumoniae isolates were 0.015 mg/ml for erythromycin, lower than 0.03 mg/ml for josamycin, 0.06 mg/ml for sparfloxacin and minocycline, 0.12 mg/ml for tetracycline, 0.5 mg/ml for ofloxacin and CFC-222, and 1.0 mg/ml for ciprofloxacin. The isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, josamycin, sparfloxacin, minocycline, tetracycline, and ofloxacin, but the 63.3% of them was resistant to ciprofloxacin. These results indicate that the PCR method has a significant potential as a rapid and sensitive method for early detection of M. pneumoniae infection in clinical specimens as compared with the culture method, but the PCR method could not provide any information concerning the biological chracteristics of M. pneumoniae strains. Erythromycin, josamycin, sparfloxacin, minocycline, and tetracycline could be recommended as the antimicrobial agents of choice in Korea.

Gastric Carcinoma and Epstein-Barr Virus Association (EBVaGC): Pusan Kyungnam Area

PURPOSE: To report on the incidence of EBVaGC and its associated clinical and pathological characteristics. METHODS: Between Nov. 1998 and Mar. 2000, 183 gastric cancers were resected, and the histology and lymphocytes infiltration reviewed. The EBVaGC was determined by EBER ISH, along with the clinical characteristics, such as sex distribution, tumor location, ABO blood group, status of H. pylori and postop survival. RESULTS: Out of 183 gastric adenocarcinomas 10 were EBVaGCs (5.5%), 7/129 males and 3/54 females. The incidences of EBVaGC, according to the WHO histology, were 7.1% (4/56) for tub. po, 9.3% (4/43) tub. mo, 4.1% (2/48) tub. well, 0/11 muc., 0/3 pap. and 0/22 sig. types. The incidences of EGVaGC, in relation to the severity of lymphocytic infiltration of tumor, were 0% (0/141) for Less- than-minimal, 21% (8/38) for Moderate and 50% (2/4) for Severe infiltration of the lymphocytes (P=0.000). The incidences of EGVaGC, according to the location of gastric cancer, were 26.3% (5/19), 7.3% (3/41) and 1.8% (2/110) for the upper, middle and lower stomach, respectively (P= 0.000). The incidences of EBVaGC were 3.1% (3/96) for stages I-II and 8% (7/87) for stages III-IV. The blood type distributions of the EBVaGCs, by the ABO blood group system were 3 A type, 6 B type, no O type and 1 AB type compared with 42.8% (74), 27.1% (47), 19.6% (34) and 10.5% (18) of A, B, O and AB with the 173 non EBVaGC P=0.079). The H. pylori status was positive in 9/10 EBVaGC, and in 157/163 (96.3%) of the non-EBVaGC. The survivals of the EBVaGC and non EBVaGC were 80 and 61.4% (105/171), rspectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of EBVaGC was 5.5%. There was no difference in the sex ratio with EBV ( )ve gastric cancer. Six out of the 10 EBVaGC were ABO blood group B.

Effects of B-16 Melanoma Cells and Mycoplasma pneumoniae on the Induction of IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF - alpha from Mouse Astrocytes

No abstract available.

Donor Cell Repopulation after Bone Marrow Transplantation and Heterotopic Partial Liver Transplantation in Rats Prework for Chimerism

PURPOSE: Improvements in the prevention or control of rejection of kidneys and livers have been largely interchangeable and then applicable. However, the mechanism by which antirejection treatment permits any of these grafts to be accepted has been an immunological enigma. Recently, the exchange of migratory leukocytes between the transplant and the recipient, with consequent long-term cellular chimerism in both has been the basis for acceptance of all whole-organ allografts and xenografts. METHODS: The donors of liver transplants were male Lewis rats weighing 100-150 g in all experiments groups. Male Brown Norway rats were the experimental group and female Lewis were the control group. Heterotopic partial liver transplantation was performed by Lee's method without arterial reconstruction. All procedures were performed under ether anesthesia. Bone marrow was taken from the tibias and femurs and was processed in RPMI 1640. The cell counts of suspensions were 2.5x10(8) per experiment. Genomic DNA prepared from peripheral blood and various tissues. Male Lewis Sry-specific oligonulceotide primers were used. RESULTS: In allogenic liver transplantation with bone marrow transplants (LEW-BN), donor cells were detected in the liver, and the spleen by day 7. However, in rejection cases, donor cell were not detected in any tissues. In isografted transplants (LEW-LEW), after bone marrow transplantation, donor cells were found in lymph nodes, the liver, and peripheral blood. In isografted transplants (LEW-LEW), after liver transplantation donor, cells were only found in the grafts. CONCLUSION: In allogenic liver transplantation with bone marrow transplantation, chimerism induction was augmentedwith bone marrow-derived stem cells. Therefore, it is necessary to have many samples to investigate more precisely chimerism and rejection after liver transplantation with bone marrow transplantation.

Prevalence of Ureaplasma Urealyticum in Ovarian or Cervical Cancer

No Abstract Available.

Effects of Mycoplasmal Antigens on Production of Tuansforming Growth Factor-beta1 in Human Tumor Cells

No Abstract Available.

Morphology and Ultrastructure of Microorganisms on Soft Contact Lens :Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

In order to examine the morphology and ultrastructure of contaminated soft contact lens by scanning electron microscopy, soft contact lenses were contaminated with P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, S.epidermidis and C .albicans. After incubation of soft contact lens in P.aeruginosa suspension for 60 minutes, a number of P.aeruginosa, S.aureus and S.epidermidis were attached to soft contact lens and amorphous materials covering the some of the soft contact lens surface were observed. Also, C.albicans attached to soft contact lens, looking like healthy and the fine fibrillar material covered the surface of soft contact lens and interconnected between cell walls of C.albicans at 14 days after contamination. Soft contact lens may provide a suitable environment for microorganisms that they could attach and proliferate. And microoragisms themselves secreted amorphous materials to protect them from the outside and promote the proliferation. So, contaminated soft contact lens may play a role as pathogen to the cornea.

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori and the Combination Effect of Antibiotics on the Antibiotic - Resistant H . pylori Strains

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the existence of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole resistance Helicobacter pylori and to determine the in-vitro MIC of two and three kinds of antibiotic concominant administration in the isolates. The antimicrobial agents tested against 169 H. pylori included metronidazole, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, omeprazole, josamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. MIC of each antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution method. The 169 strains of H. pylori were isolated from biopsy specimens of patients with gastric cancer. MIC50 of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, omeprazole, erythromycin, josamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was 2.0, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.5 ug/ml, respectively. MIC90 of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, omeprazole, erythromycin, josamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was 64.0, 64,0, 32.0, 16.0, 8.0, 2.0, and 1.0 ug/ml, respectively. H. pylori isolates were detected in the following resistaince rates: 34.3% to clarithromycin, 31.9% to metronidazole, 20.7% to amoxicillin, 12.4% to erythromycin, and 10,1% to josamycin. The prevalence of the antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori were detected 18.1% for two kind of antibiotics and 9.6% for three kind of antibiotics, and 3.9% for four kind of antibiotics. The MIC90 of clarithromycin-, metronidazole-,and amoxicillin-resistant H. pylori was decreased under the 1 ug/ ml by the two or three kind of antibiotic concomitant administration in-vitro. These results suggest that two or three antibiotics concomitant administration could be more effective for the treatment of clarithromycin-, amoxicillin-, metronidazole-, and josamycin-resistant H. pylori strains.

Production of IL - 6 and IL - 8 in Human Fibroblasts Stimulated with Mycoplasma Lysates and Bacterial Toxins

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), and Mycoplasma lysates on regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 production by human nasal fibroblasts. Primary cultured cells were incubated with LPS (1.0 ug/ml) from E.coli, SEB (1.0 ug/ml) from S.aureus, or Mycoplasma lysates (M.pneumoniae, Mp; M. fermentans, Mf; M. hominis, Mh, each 1.0 ug/ml). The culture supernatants were collected at 2, 6, and 24 hr and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The production of IL-6 in the culture supematant was downregulated by LPS, SEB, or Mycoplasma lysates. But IL-6 was upregulated by mixed exposure with Mp+LPS (2 hr), Mp+LPS+SEB (24 hr), Mf+LPS (24 hr), Mf+LPS+SEB (2 hr), Mh+LPS (24 hr), Mh+SEB (24 hr), or Mh+LPS+ SEB (24 hr). The production of IL-8 in the culture supematant was similar to that of IL-6 by same stimulants. But IL-8 was upregulated by mixed exposure with Mf+LPS+SEB (2 hr), Mh+LPS (24 hr), Mh+ SEB (24 hr), or Mh+LPS+SEB (24 hr). These studies show that costimulation of LPS or SEB with Mycoplasma whole cell lysates upregulates the production of IL-6 and IL-8.

Concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Meningitis and Control / 대한면역학회지

This study was conducted to determine the level of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with meningitis. All the CSF of the patients were examined by Gram and acid-fast stain, culture, and PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasrma spp..The levels of sugar, protein and leukocytes count were also evaluated in the CSFs. Concentrations of Interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in the CSF were evaluated by the ELISA kit (Genzyme, USA). General bacteria, tubercle bacilli, and Mycoplasma spp. were not detected with stain and culture methods, but, Mycoplasma spp. was detected by PCR method from four (6.3%) patients with meningitis. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-cx in the control group were 0.6+/-0.2, 896.8+/-107.6, 50.1+/-5.1, and 4.8+/-1.4 pg/ml, respectively. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a in the patients with aseptic meningitis were 3.8+/-0.6, 1261.6+/-144.3, 466.7+/-42.3, and 10.8+/-2.0 pg/ml, respectively. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a in the patients with mycoplasmal meningitis were 10.2+/-8.1, 1979.5+/-133.8, 459.7+/-96.4, and 17.5+/-5.1 pg/ml, respectively. There were significantly differences in the levels of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a between control and patients with aseptic meningitis or Mycoplasmal meningitis (each p<0.001). These results suggest that increased levels of IL-1B, IL-8, and TNF-a could be higly suggestive of meningitis.

Incidence of Vaculating Toxin Producing Helicobacter pylori from Patients with Gastric Diseases / 대한내과학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to survey the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori. A further aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative assay for cell vacuolation on the basis of the rapid uptake of neutral red dye by vaculoes of the cells. METHODS: We studied the gastric biopsy specimens of patients with 154 cases of gastritis, 74 cases of gastric ulcer, and 167 cases of gastric cancer and in 44 cases of healthy persons. One of the biopsy specimen was placed into a CLOtest plate for rapid urease test and the other one of the biopsy spcimen was inoculated on Brain Heart Infusion blood agar for culture. The culture supernatant of isolated H. pylori was serially diluted with BHI broth. After 24 hour incubation of cultured RK-13 cells treated with the culture supernatant of H. pylori, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the cells were observed microscopically. RESULTS: The positivity of urease test and the rate of isolation of H. pylori from urease positive gastric biopsy materials were 34.1% and 93.3% in healthy person, 55.8% and 70.9% in gastritis, 60.8% and 71.1% in gastric ulcer, and 56.3% and 96.8% in gastric cancer. The isolation rate of H. pylori from patients between 20 and 39 years old was 16.8%, for patients between 40 and 59 years old it was 51.9%, and for patients above 60 years old it was 31.2%. The isolation rate of the vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori from gastric biopsy specimens was 66.7% in a healthy person, 76.6% in gastritis, 79.4% in gastric ulcer, and 80% in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The isolation rate of H. pylori from the patients with gastric diseases is higher than the rate of H. pylori from healthy persons, but the isolation rate of the vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori is not different between the patients with gastric diseases and healthy persons. The titers of vacuolating toxin produced by some H. pylori isolated from the patients with gastric diseases are higher than those from healthy persons.

Antibiotic Susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori Isolated from Patients with Gastric Cancer

This investigation was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against 169 Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with gastric cancer in Pusan, Korea. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6 antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method. The isolation rate of H. pylori was 39.3% in the patients with gastric cancer, and which was not observed any differences between male and female or age group. The MIC50amoxacillin, clarithromycin, and amoxacillin plus clarithromycin against H. pylori isolates was 4.0, 2.0, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively. The MIC50 of the metronidazole, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, amoxacillin, clarithromycin, and amoxacillin plus clarithromycin against H. pylori isolates was 32.0, 16.0, 1.0, 1.0, 4.0, 16.0, and 8.0 microgram/ml, respectively. The prevalence of one kind of antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori was 31.9% for metronidazole, 31.9% for erythromycin, 23.1% for clarithromycin, 11.2% for amoxacillin, 6.5% for ciprofloxacin, and 9.5% for amoxacillin and for clarithromycin. The prevalence of two kinds of antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori was 8.3% for amoxacillin and clarithromycin, 4.1% for metronidazole and erythromycin, 1.3% for metronidazole and ciprofloxacin, 1.3% for erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of three kinds of antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori was 5.9% for metronidazole, amoxaciltin, and ciprofloxacin, 2.4% for metronidazole, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of four kinds of antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori was 1.3% for metronidazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin.

Effect of Ginseng Extracts on Production of Vacuolating Toxin by Helicobacter pylori

This study was carried out to survey the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori from the gastric biopsy specimens of patients with 178 gastritis, 57 gastric ulcer, 455 gastric cancer and 44 healthy person in Pusan, Korea. Further aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ginseng extract, sofalcone, ginsenosides (F1, Rb3, Re, Rgl), sangwha, green, arrowroot, ginger, and jujube tea on the activity and production of vacuolating toxin by H. pylori in vitro. The isolation rates of H. pylori by culture method from gastric biopsy specimens were 34.1% in healthy person, 42.1% in gastritis, 36.8% in gastric ulcer, and 39.3% in gastric cancer. The isolation rates of vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori from gastric biopsy specimens were 80% in healthy person, 82.7% in gastritis, 81% in gastric ulcer, and 83.8% in gastric cancer. The growth of H. pylori was not influenced by the addition of 10 ug/ml or 100 ug/ml of Ginseng extract and 10 ug/ml of sofalcone in the medium, but the production of vaculating toxin of H. pylori was significantly inhibited by the addition of 100 ug/ml of Ginseng extract and sofalcone. The activity of vacuolating toxin in the culture supernatant of H. pylori was significantly diminished (1/2-1/16 compared to control) by the addition of 10 mg/ml of sangwha, green, arrowroot, and ginger tea, and 1 ug/ml of ginsenosides F1, Rb3, Re, and Rgl. These results suggest that the isolation rates of vacuolating toxin producing H. pylori were significantly higher than that of the foreign reports. Ginseng extract and sofalcone have direct inhibitory effect on the activity of vacuolating toxin production by H. pylori without considerable growth inhibition and sangwha, green, arrowroot, and ginger tea have direct inhibitory effect on the activity of vacuolating toxin of H. pylori.

Development of Keratitis by Soft Contact Lenses Contaminated with Candida albicans

In order to study the development of fungal keratitis in wearing of the soft contact lenses contaminated with fungus in various conditions of the cornea, we contaminated the soft contact lenses with Candida albicans, and then placed them on the corneas in rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 4 groups(each 8 eyes). In group 1, dexamethasone was injected subconjunctivally once a day for 4 days and the corneal epithelium was removed 7mm in diameter. In group 2, dexamethasone was injected subconjunctivally once a day for 4 days without removal of the corneal epithelium. In group 3, the corneal epithelium was removed 7mm in diameter without subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone. In group 4, normal corneas were used as a control. The corneas were observed daily with slit-lamp. After 10 days, the infected corneas were examined with light microscope. Keratitis was developed in 5 eyes in group 1(5/8), 3 eyes in group 2(3/8), 2 eyes in group 3(2/8). But keratitis was not developed in group 4. Light microscopic examination showed active invasion of C, albicans forming pseudohyphae into the cornea associated with severe inflammation in group 1 and 2, but it showed mild inflammation and only a small number of C, albicans in the superficial cornea in group 3. In this study, it was found that immunosuppressed and de-epithelialized corneas are susceptible to C, albicans.

Influence of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection on the Growth, Phagocytie Activities and Induction of Nitric Oxide Production of the Microglial Cells of Mice

In this study, the distribution and reisolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae(Mp) were observed from the various tissues of BALB/c mice which were intraperitoneally pre-inoculated with Mp. In addition, the effect of Mp on the growth, phagocytic activities and nitric oxide production of microglial cells were also examined. The results were as follows; 1) Mp was reisolated from the various tissues such as lymph node, spleen, liver, kidney, brain and blood from one hour through 48 hours after intra-peritoneal inoculation of Mp in mice by the cultural method. Furthermore, it could also be confirmed from those tissues up to 72 hours by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method. 2) There was no difference in the phagocytic activities between the control microglial cells and Mp stimulated microglial cells. 3) The growth of microglial cells in the medium was significantly increased by the stimulation with Mp compared with that of the control. 4) Nitric oxide production of mouse microglial cells was increased by the combined treatment if IFN-r and LPS or IFN-r and Mp or IFN-r, LPS and Mp, whereas, no increase was observed by either LPS or Mp alone. 5) Nitric oxide production of microglial cells primed with IFN-r was closely related with the dose of LPS and Mp in the dose dependent manner rather than that of the IFN-r. These results suggest that; i) Mp spreads to the various tissues of mice within one hour after intraperitoneal inoculation, ii) the growth of microglial cells increases by the infection of Mp, iii) microglial cells have phagocytic activities to C.albicans and iv) nitric oxide production of microglial cells was augmented by the infection of Mp. Increased nitric oxide production of microglial cells is regarded as an increase of the intracellular bactericidal activiteis of microglial cells. It is suggested, nonetheless, that the inflammatory response of the Mp infected tissues is augmented by the increase of nitric oxide.

A Case of Penicillium Keratitis

Although the incidence of the Penicillium keratitis increases, there is no available reports from the literature. Dense, gray-whitish infiltration combined with ulceration was observed at the central cornea of 62-y-o-man. Hypopyon was observed also. Colonies on Sabouraud's agar showed light violet pigmentation. On the light microscopic examination of the recipicent cornea after penetrating keratoplasty, proliferation of the fungal hyphae in the deep corneal stroma was observed, but collagen fibers of the superficial stroma were re-formed over the necrotic stromal tissue. Electron microscopy showed a hiypha with triple cell wall.

Effects of small water dropwort extract on celluar immune response of mice

No abstract available.

Detection of contaminated mycoplasmas on the cultured cell lines

No abstract available.